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Multiple Sclerosis: (Kamm et al, 2012; n = 76; mean age 44.8 (12.5); disease duration = 11.2 (9.6) years; average clinically isolated syndrome = 2 (2.6); average relapsing remitting type = 45 (59.2); average secondary progressive type = 23 (30.2); average primary progressive type = 6 (7.8); average Expanded Disability Status Scale = 3.4 (1.8)

• Score of 10-12 indicates no praxis errors
• Score of 6-9 indicates abnormal praxis or mild apraxia
• Score of 5 or less indicates severe apraxia
• Alternative cut-off score <5 for imitation part only, in case of severe language comprehension problems (can be presumed, if three or more amorphous movements occur for pantomime)

Multiple Sclerosis

• Excellent construct validity for correlation with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores (r = -.63) and Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia scores (r = -.60) (Kamm et al, 2012)

The Apraxia Screen of Tulia (AST) was created by reducing the Test for Upper Limb Apraxia (TULIA) down to 12 items by two clinical experts.

Parkinson's Disease:(Vanbellingen et al, 2011; n = 75; mean age 63.4 (10.72); disease duration = 9.41 (5.79) years; mean Levadopa equivalent 806.87 (314.12) mg/day; Hoehn & Yahr stage 1 = 11, stage 2 = 31, stage 3 = 25, stage 4 = 8)

• Score of 10-12 indicates no praxis errors
• Score of 6-9 indicates abnormal praxis or mild apraxia
• Score of 5 or less indicates severe apraxia
• Alternative cut-off score <5 for imitation part only, in case of severe language comprehension problems (can be presumed, if three or more amorphous movements occur for pantomime)

Parkinson¡¯s disease

• Adequate construct validity of the AST for correlation with Hoehn & Yahr stage (r = -0.32) (Vanbellingen et al, 2011)
• Poor discriminant validity comparing the AST to the Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson¡¯s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS part III (r= 0.17, p= 0.1) (Vanbellingen et al, 2011)
• Poor convergent validity between the AST and MDS-UPDRS part II (r= -0.35, p= 0.004) and Hoehn and Yahr (r= -0.32, p= 0.006) (Vanbellingen et al, 2011)

The Apraxia Screen of Tulia (AST) was created by reducing the Test for Upper Limb Apraxia (TULIA) down to 12 items by two clinical experts.

Stroke: (Vanbellingen et al, 2011; n = 31; mean age = 63.4 (13.7); mean time post-acute CVA = 19.0 (5.3); mean time post chronic stroke = 57.3 (25.5)) (calculated from statistics in Vanbellingen et al, 2011)

• SEM for AST apraxic = .648 *points (0-12 point scale)
• SEM for AST non-apraxic = .22 * points (0-12 point scale) 
  * compared to same 12 items in original full-version of TULIA

Stroke: (calculated from statistics in Vanbellingen et al, 2011)

• MDC for AST = 1.79 points (0-12 point scale)

Stroke: (Vanbellingen et al, 2011)

• Score of 10-12 indicates no praxis errors
• Score of 6-9 indicates abnormal praxis or mild apraxia
• Score of 5 or less indicates severe apraxia
• Alternative cut-off score <5 for imitation part only, in case of severe language comprehension problems (can be presumed, if three or more amorphous movements occur for pantomime)

Stroke: (Vanbellingen et al, 2011)

• Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach alpha =0.92)

Stroke (Vanbellingen et al, 2011)

• Adequate construct validity for correlation with the screening version of the Token Test score (r = .81)
• Poor construct validity for correlation with the Bell Test (p =>0.05)
• Apraxia Screen of Tulia (AST) was constructed using the Test for Upper Limb Apraxia (TULIA)
• Using item-reduction analysis based on classical test theory, two clinical experts reviewed 48 items from the TULIA to reduce the screen to 12 items (to make the AST). TULIA items with less inter-rater reliability, floor and ceiling effects, less internal consistency and lower content validity were excluded.
• The six-point scoring system used in the TULIA was simplified to a dichotomous pass/fail scoring system.
• Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = .95)* results of the AST were compared to the TULIA to assess test-retest (Vanbellingen et al, 2011)

The Apraxia Screen of Tulia (AST) was created by reducing the Test for Upper Limb Apraxia (TULIA) down to 12 items by two clinical experts.